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2. RS-485 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485

   RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A) or EIA-485, is a standard, originally introduced in 1983, defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced , and multipoint systems are supported.

3. List of automation protocols - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automation_protocols

   J1708 – RS-485 based SAE specification used in commercial vehicles, agriculture, and heavy equipment. J1939 and ISO11783 – an adaptation of CAN for agricultural and commercial vehicles; Keyword Protocol 2000 (KWP2000) – a protocol for automotive diagnostic devices (runs either on a serial line or over CAN)

4. Optomux - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optomux

   Optomux [1] is a serial (RS-422/RS485) network protocol originally developed by Opto 22 in 1982 which is used for industrial automation applications. Optomux is an ASCII protocol consisting of command messages and response messages containing data from an Optomux unit & contain a message checksum to ensure secure communications.

5. Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Addressable_Remote...

   But it is often converted to RS485 or RS232. According to Emerson, [2] due to the huge installation base of 4–20 mA systems throughout the world, the HART Protocol is one of the most popular industrial protocols today. HART protocol has made a good transition protocol for users who wished to use the legacy 4–20 mA signals, but wanted to ...

6. Modbus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modbus

   On the physical layer, MODBUS over Serial Line performs its communication on bit by RS485 or RS232, with TIA/EIA-485 Two-Wire interface as the most popular way. RS485 Four-Wire interface is also used. TIA/EIA-232-E (RS232) can also be used but is limited to point-to-point short-range communication. [20]

7. Modular connector - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_connector

   The connector on the Amiga 1000 uses crossover wiring, similar to a telephone handset. The connector wiring on the Apple computers, however, requires a polarized straight-through pinout. Using a telephone handset cable instead of the supplied cable could short out the +5 volt DC supply and damage the Apple computer or the keyboard. [12]

8. USB-to-serial adapter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-to-serial_adapter

   USB-to-serial RS-232 adapters are often used with consumer, commercial and industrial applications and USB-to-serial RS-485/422 adapters are usually mainly used only with industrial applications. Currently, USB to TTL-level UART converters are used extensively by students and hobbyist as they can be directly interfaced to microcontrollers.

9. Ground loop (electricity) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)

   In digital systems, which commonly transmit data serially (RS-232, RS-485, USB, FireWire, DVI, HDMI etc.) the signal voltage is often much larger than induced power frequency AC on the connecting cable screens. Of those protocols listed, only RS-232 is single-ended with ground return, but it is a large signal, typically + and - 12V, all the ...