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The pentose phosphate pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMP shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. [1] It generates NADPH and pentoses (five-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. [1]
Acetyl-CoA is a metabolic intermediate that is involved in many metabolic pathways in an organism. It is produced during the breakdown of glucose , fatty acids , and amino acids , and is used in the synthesis of many other biomolecules , including cholesterol , fatty acids , and ketone bodies .
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32, PEPCK) is an enzyme in the lyase family used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. It converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. [1] [2] [3] It is found in two forms, cytosolic and mitochondrial.
Methotrexate also indirectly inhibits purine synthesis by blocking the metabolism of folic acid (it is an inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase). Allopurinol is a drug that inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase and, thus, lowers the level of uric acid in the body. This may be useful in the treatment of gout, which is a disease caused ...
Metabolism shifts toward fat utilization, while muscle protein breakdown to supply gluconeogenesis precursors is minimized, and available glucose is spared for use by the brain. [ citation needed ] Calcium ions have a role in regulation of PDC in muscle tissue, because it activates PDP, stimulating glycolysis on its release into the cytosol ...
The glyoxylate shunt pathway is an alternative to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, for it redirects the pathway of TCA to prevent full oxidation of carbon compounds, and to preserve high energy carbon sources as future energy sources. This pathway occurs only in plants and bacteria and transpires in the absence of glucose molecules.
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate (used to form triglycerides) from precursors other than glucose. [1] Usually, glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, in the liquid of the cell's cytoplasm (the cytosol).
Interaction between the two metabolic pathways can be studied by using 13 C-glucose isotopomers. [10] In higher plants, the MEP pathway operates in plastids while the mevalonate pathway operates in the cytosol. [9] Examples of bacteria that contain the MEP pathway include Escherichia coli and pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.