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A flare or decoy flare is an aerial infrared countermeasure used by an aircraft to counter an infrared homing ("heat-seeking") surface-to-air missile or air-to-air missile. Flares are commonly composed of a pyrotechnic composition based on magnesium or another hot-burning metal, with burning temperature equal to or hotter than engine exhaust.
The very high reaction enthalpy, , upon combustion of magnesium with PTFE is based on the formation of magnesium fluoride, having a very high negative enthalpy of formation ( = −1124 kJ mol −1): 2 n Mg + (C 2 F 4 ) n → 2 n MgF 2 (s) + 2 n C, Δ R H {\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {R} }H} = −1438 kJ mol −1 (1)
An environmentally friendly red-light flare was a pyrotechnic (firework) flare which used lithium-based formulations that emitted red light. A flare is used for signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian or military applications. It is based on a non-hygroscopic (not absorbing air) dilithium nitrogen-rich salt that served ...
A flare, also sometimes called a fusée, fusee, or bengala, [1] [2] bengalo [3] in several European countries, is a type of pyrotechnic that produces a bright light or intense heat without an explosion. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground ...
The missile may then deviate from the target, breaking lock. Once an infrared seeker breaks lock (they typically have a field of view of 1–2 degrees), they rarely reacquire the target. By using flares, the target can cause the confused seeker to lock onto a new infrared source that is rapidly moving away from the true target.
If an aircraft needed to loiter over a high risk area or was flying slowly (as helicopters do), it would require a large number of flares to decoy any missile fired at it. The IRCM provided constant protection against infra-red guided missiles. The ALQ-144 and ALQ-147 were first delivered to the US military in 1981. Currently there are over ...
Strontium nitrate – most common oxidizer/colorant for red colors in flares, fires, and stars; strontium also serves as a stabilizer for the mixtures. [4] At lower temperatures (with organic fuels) produces strontium nitrite ash which can smother the flame; decomposes completely at higher temperatures (with magnesium).
A high-intensity white strobe is used on structures that are taller than 700 feet (210 meters). These lights provide the highest visibility both day and night. Unlike a medium strobe, a high-intensity strobe does not provide 360° coverage; this requires the use of at least 3 high strobes at each level.
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