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Python supports most object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. It allows polymorphism, not only within a class hierarchy but also by duck typing. Any object can be used for any type, and it will work so long as it has the proper methods and attributes. And everything in Python is an object, including classes, functions, numbers and modules.
Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function. [1] If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): old-style and new-style; [113] current Python versions only support the semantics of the new style. Python supports optional type annotations. [4] [114] These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.
In languages which support first-class functions and currying, map may be partially applied to lift a function that works on only one value to an element-wise equivalent that works on an entire container; for example, map square is a Haskell function which squares each element of a list.
A function definition starts with the name of the type of value that it returns or void to indicate that it does not return a value. This is followed by the function name, formal arguments in parentheses, and body lines in braces. In C++, a function declared in a class (as non-static) is called a member function or method.
The factory method design pattern solves problems such as: How can an object's subclasses redefine its subsequent and distinct implementation? The pattern involves creation of a factory method within the superclass that defers the object's creation to a subclass's factory method.
[26] [27] In C++, an abstract class is a class having at least one abstract method given by the appropriate syntax in that language (a pure virtual function in C++ parlance). [25] A class consisting of only pure virtual methods is called a pure abstract base class (or pure ABC) in C++ and is also known as an interface by users of the language. [13]
The Zen of Python is a collection of 19 "guiding principles" for writing computer programs that influence the design of the Python programming language. [1] Python code that aligns with these principles is often referred to as "Pythonic". [2] Software engineer Tim Peters wrote this set of principles and posted it on the Python mailing list in ...