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The cost of representing a number N in a given base b can be defined as (,) = ⌊ + ⌋where we use the floor function ⌊ ⌋ and the base-b logarithm.. If both b and N are positive integers, then the quantity (,) is equal to the number of digits needed to express the number N in base b, multiplied by base b. [1]
[The formula does not make clear over what the summation is done. P C = 1 n ⋅ ∑ p t p 0 {\displaystyle P_{C}={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot \sum {\frac {p_{t}}{p_{0}}}} On 17 August 2012 the BBC Radio 4 program More or Less [ 3 ] noted that the Carli index, used in part in the British retail price index , has a built-in bias towards recording ...
In linear programming, reduced cost, or opportunity cost, is the amount by which an objective function coefficient would have to improve (so increase for maximization problem, decrease for minimization problem) before it would be possible for a corresponding variable to assume a positive value in the optimal solution.
In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor(x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil(x). [1]
The data used are prices and quantities in two time-periods, (t-1) and (t), for each of n goods which are indexed by i. If we denote the price of item i at time t-1 by p i , t − 1 {\displaystyle p_{i,t-1}} , and, analogously, we define q i , t {\displaystyle q_{i,t}} to be the quantity purchased of item i at time t, then, the Törnqvist price ...
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Labor costs are direct costs, that is, they can be identified among the total cost and assigned to a certain cost objective. [1] Labor costs are defined by categories (e.g. service labor or manufacturing labor), the attribution of a labor rate for each category, and a certain number of labor hours. [1]
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