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The vector of PageRank values of all web pages is the fixed point of a linear transformation derived from the World Wide Web's link structure. The stationary distribution of a Markov chain is the fixed point of the one step transition probability function. Fixed points are used to finding formulas for iterated functions.
Given a function , by definition, to each element of the domain of the function , there is a unique element associated to it, the value () of at . There are several ways to specify or describe how x {\displaystyle x} is related to f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} , both explicitly and implicitly.
Also called a surjection or onto function. Bijective function: is both an injection and a surjection, and thus invertible. Identity function: maps any given element to itself. Constant function: has a fixed value regardless of its input. Empty function: whose domain equals the empty set. Set function: whose input is a set. Choice function ...
We can treat arctan as a single-valued function by restricting the domain of tan x to − π /2 < x < π /2 – a domain over which tan x is monotonically increasing. Thus, the range of arctan(x) becomes − π /2 < y < π /2. These values from a restricted domain are called principal values. The antiderivative can be considered as a ...
If a real function f is given by a formula, it may be not defined for some values of the variable. In this case, it is a partial function, and the set of real numbers on which the formula can be evaluated to a real number is called the natural domain or domain of definition of f.
An element h is a constant if ∂h = 0. If the base field is over the rationals, care must be taken when extending the field to add the needed transcendental constants. A function u of a differential extension F[u] of a differential field F is an elementary function over F if the function u. is algebraic over F, or
The standard absolute value on the integers. The standard absolute value on the complex numbers.; The p-adic absolute value on the rational numbers.; If R is the field of rational functions over a field F and () is a fixed irreducible polynomial over F, then the following defines an absolute value on R: for () in R define | | to be , where () = () and ((), ()) = = ((), ()).
Sometimes, [1] a more general definition is used, where membership functions take values in an arbitrary fixed algebra or structure [further explanation needed]; usually it is required that be at least a poset or lattice. The usual membership functions with values in [0, 1] are then called [0, 1]-valued membership functions.