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Caligae, heavy-soled military shoes or sandals which were worn by Roman legionary soldiers and auxiliaries throughout the history of the Roman Republic and Empire. The focale, a scarf worn by the Roman legionary to protect the neck from chafing caused by constant contact with the soldier's armor
The Roman Army and Greece and Rome at War, Peter Connolly; The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986), R. Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor N. Dupuy. War, Gwynne Dyer. The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, Trevor N. Dupuy. Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (with English translation on-line)
Nero, Sestertius with countermark "X" of Legio X Gemina. Obv: Laureate bust right. Rev: Nero riding horse right, holding spear, DECVRSIO in exergue; S C across fields. This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological ...
The protectores were an order of honor rather than a military unit. The order first appeared in the mid-200s AD. Quaestionarius – An interrogator or torturer. Retentus – A soldier kept in service after serving required term. Rorarii – The final line, or reserve, in the ancient pre
The Roman legionary fought first and foremost with his contubernium, the basic eight man unit of the Roman army. [30] The men of the same contubernium fought, slept, ate, and trained together. This strong sense of camaraderie gave Roman legionaries a sense of pride and kept them fighting on the battlefield.
The precedence during the times of the Republican manipular legion had each centurio command a centuria of sixty men within a manipulus (maniple) of two centuriae which was commanded by the senior centurio. Their order in decreasing seniority but opposite battle order; Of the centuriae of a manipulus of Triarii; Pilus Prior; Pilus Posterior
The early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called "Polybian" or manipular legion was introduced. Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no "national" Roman army, but a series of clan-based war-bands, which only coalesced into a united force in periods of serious ...
The Imperial Roman Army was the military land force of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD, [1] and the final incarnation in the long history of the Roman army. This period is sometimes split into the Principate (27 BC – 284 AD) and the Dominate (284–476) periods. Under Augustus (r.