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For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
However, since using large language models (LLMs) such as BERT pre-trained on large amounts of monolingual data as a starting point for learning other tasks has proven very successful in wider NLP, this paradigm is also becoming more prevalent in NMT. This is especially useful for low-resource languages, where large parallel datasets do not exist.
Google Translate's NMT system uses a large artificial neural network capable of deep learning. [1] [2] [3] By using millions of examples, GNMT improves the quality of translation, [2] using broader context to deduce the most relevant translation. The result is then rearranged and adapted to approach grammatically based human language. [1]
Prior to transformer-based architectures, the best-performing neural NLP (natural language processing) models commonly employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually-labeled data. The reliance on supervised learning limited their use on datasets that were not well-annotated, and also made it prohibitively expensive and time ...
During the deep learning era, attention mechanism was developed to solve similar problems in encoding-decoding. [1] In machine translation, the seq2seq model, as it was proposed in 2014, [24] would encode an input text into a fixed-length vector, which would then be decoded into an output text. If the input text is long, the fixed-length vector ...
This is because deep learning models are able to learn the style of an artist or musician from huge datasets and generate completely new artworks and music compositions. For instance, DALL-E is a deep neural network trained on 650 million pairs of images and texts across the internet that can create artworks based on text entered by the user. [247]
Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word.
The use of multi-sense embeddings is known to improve performance in several NLP tasks, such as part-of-speech tagging, semantic relation identification, semantic relatedness, named entity recognition and sentiment analysis. [38] [39] As of the late 2010s, contextually-meaningful embeddings such as ELMo and BERT have been developed. [40]