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Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945). Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent [1] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. [5]
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is estimated to range from 20-70% of the carbon content of the oceans, being higher near river outlets and lower in the open ocean. [5] DOM can be recycled and put back into the food web through a process called microbial loop which is essential for nutrient cycling and supporting primary productivity. [6]
GBCE has built and is now operating the world's first industrial-scale coal-upgrading facility. It has capacity to process 1 MTPA of coal feedstock and is located in Holingol, Inner Mongolia, the largest lignite-producing region in China. [10] The coal is typically high moisture (35 – 40% TM) and 3200 – 3400 kcal gar.
It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining. [1] It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%) [ 2 ] and is used as a soil conditioner , as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment, [ 3 ] in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive. [ 4 ]
The less turbid the water, the more light is able to penetrate, and thus heat is conveyed deeper in the water. [17] Heating declines exponentially with depth in the water column, so the water will be warmest near the surface but progressively cooler as moving downwards. There are three main sections that define thermal stratification in a lake.
Budget calculations of the biological carbon pump are based on the ratio between sedimentation (carbon export to the ocean floor) and remineralization (release of carbon to the atmosphere). The biological pump is not so much the result of a single process, but rather the sum of a number of processes each of which can influence biological pumping.
The calcium carbonate counter pump refers to the biological process of precipitation of carbonate and the sinking of particulate inorganic carbon. [47] This process releases CO2 into the surface ocean and atmosphere across timescales spanning 100 to 1,000 years. [ 47 ]
The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon (carbon atom attached to the aromatic ring) of the propyl (linear three carbon) side chain. The following structures do not specify the structure since lignin and its derivatives are complex mixtures: the purpose is to give a general idea of the structure of lignosulfonates.