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Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from precursors called monoblasts, bipotent cells that differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells. [5] Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically migrate into tissues throughout the body where they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [13] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...
The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the MPS. The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one.
The other dichotomy is by lineage: Myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) are distinguished from lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) by hematopoietic lineage (cellular differentiation lineage). [10] Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
Development continues by, yet again, the activation of certain transcription factors. A monoblast matures into a monocyte if the transcription factors PU.1 and C/EBPa are expressed. [9] Monocytes will then develop into macrophages or dendritic cells upon tissue damage and recruitment of monocytes into the infected area. [1]
T H 1 cells also help recruit more monocytes, the precursor to macrophages, to the infection site. T H 1 secretion TNF-α and LT-α to make blood vessels easier for monocytes to bind to and exit. [34] T H 1 secretion of CCL2 as a chemoattractant for monocytes. IL-3 and GM-CSF released by T H 1 cells stimulate more monocyte production in the ...
Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, osteoclasts and eosinophils can be classified as professional phagocytes. [10] The first three have the greatest role in immune response to most infections. [11] The role of neutrophils is patrolling the bloodstream and rapid migration to the tissues in large numbers only in case of ...
Monocyte under a light microscope (40x) from a peripheral blood smear surrounded by red blood cells. In immunology , agranulocytes (also known as nongranulocytes or mononuclear leukocytes ) are one of the two types of leukocytes (white blood cells), the other type being granulocytes .