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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. [1] The average IQ in males with FXS is under 55, while about two thirds of affected females are intellectually disabled.
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder most frequently seen in male premutation carriers of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) over the age of 50. [4] [5] The main clinical features of FXTAS include problems of movement with cerebellar gait ataxia and action tremor.
FMR1 (Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1) is a human gene [5] that codes for a protein called fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein, or FMRP. [6] This protein, most commonly found in the brain, is essential for normal cognitive development and female reproductive function.
Along with her husband Paul Hagerman, she discovered the Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurological disorder that affects older male and rare female carriers of fragile X. [3] [4] She was recognized on a list of the world's top female scientists [5]
The condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is also the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. [1] The condition is also a rare sign of McCune–Albright syndrome. [2] The opposite of macroorchidism is called microorchidism, which is the condition of abnormally small testes.
Fragile X syndrome affects about two to five percent of people with ASD. [45] If one child has Fragile X, there is a 50% chance that boys born to the same parents will have Fragile X (see Mendelian genetics). Other members of the family who may be contemplating having a child may also wish to be checked for the syndrome.
Silencing of the FMR1 gene in Fragile X syndrome. FMR1 co-localizes with a rare fragile site, visible here as a gap on the long arms of the X chromosome.. A chromosomal fragile site is a specific heritable point on a chromosome that tends to form a gap or constriction and may tend to break [1] when the cell is exposed to partial replication stress. [2]
Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXR1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The protein encoded by this gene is an RNA binding protein that interacts with the functionally similar proteins FMR1 and FXR2.