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For example, DDR SDRAM has a refresh time of 64 ms and 8,192 rows, so the refresh cycle interval is 7.8 μs. [5] [9] Generations of DRAM chips developed after 2012 contain an integral refresh counter, and the memory control circuitry can either use this counter or provide a row address from an external counter.
The time to read the first bit of memory from a DRAM with the wrong row open is T RP + T RCD + CL. Row Active Time T RAS: The minimum number of clock cycles required between a row active command and issuing the precharge command. This is the time needed to internally refresh the row, and overlaps with T RCD. In SDRAM modules, it is simply T RCD ...
The C programming language manages memory statically, automatically, or dynamically.Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the stack and come and go as functions are called and return.
An example of memory pool-based allocators can be found in the Boost C++ Libraries. [15] Another viable use of custom allocators is for debugging memory-related errors. [18] This could be achieved by writing an allocator that allocates extra memory in which it places debugging information. [19]
In the C++ programming language, placement syntax allows programmers to explicitly specify the memory management of individual objects — i.e. their "placement" in memory. Normally, when an object is created dynamically, an allocation function is invoked in such a way that it will both allocate memory for the object, and initialize the object ...
Memory ordering is the order of accesses to computer memory by a CPU. Memory ordering depends on both the order of the instructions generated by the compiler at compile time and the execution order of the CPU at runtime .
Thus, only 1/16 of the possible total memory may be accessed at a time. Another example in the same computer family was the 16-bit protected mode of the 80286 processor, which, though supporting only 16 MB of physical memory, could access up to 1 GB of virtual memory, but the combination of 16-bit address and segment registers made accessing ...
The average memory reference time is [1] = + + where = miss ratio = 1 - (hit ratio) = time to make main-memory access when there is a miss (or, with a multi-level cache, average memory reference time for the next-lower cache)