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Clopidogrel, sold under the brand name Plavix among others, is an antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in those at high risk. [10] It is also used together with aspirin in heart attacks and following the placement of a coronary artery stent ( dual antiplatelet therapy ). [ 10 ]
Biotechnology developments then paved way for the first successful synthetic anticoagulants including hirudin. [6] The monitoring of warfarin and keeping the international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0, along with avoiding over and under treatment, has driven a search for an alternative.
When ticlopidine and clopidogrel were first brought to the market, ticlodipine in 1978 and clopidogrel in 1998, the mechanism of action of these two major antithrombotic drugs was not fully understood. What had been shown was that they were potent inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but the P2Y 12 receptor had not been identified.
A few drugs such as alcohol are absorbed by the lining of the stomach, and therefore tend to take effect much more quickly than the vast majority of oral medications which are absorbed in the small intestine. Gastric emptying time can vary from 0 to 3 hours, [2] and therefore plays a major role in onset of action for orally administered drugs ...
Pharmacokinetics: . Process of the uptake of drugs by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the drugs and their metabolites from the body over a period of time.
Illustration showing the hepatic portal vein system. The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the site of action or systemic circulation.
Humans are on track to achieve immortality by 2030, says futurist Ray Kurzweil. Here's how we'll get there. ... But Kurzweil says one crucial step on the way to a potential 2045 singularity is the ...
The duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective. [5] Duration of action is a function of several parameters including plasma half-life, the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments, and the off rate of the drug from its biological target. [6]