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In case of Riedel's thyroiditis, fibrosis extends beyond the capsule and involves contiguous neck structures, clinically simulating thyroid carcinoma. There is a rapid thyroid enlargement. Compression of trachea, dysphagia are probable outcomes. Marked thyroid follicular cell atrophy confirms hypothyroidism.
Thyroid diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, [10] [11] [12] and treatment varies based on the disorder. Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism, [13] while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease can be managed with iodine therapy, antithyroid medication, or surgical removal of the thyroid ...
Thyroid dysgenesis is a cause of congenital hypothyroidism [1] where the thyroid is missing (thyroid agenesis), ectopic, or severely underdeveloped. It should not be confused with iodine deficiency , or with other forms of congenital hypothyroidism , such as thyroid dyshormonogenesis , where the thyroid is present but not functioning correctly.
Preoperative contrasted CT scans of the patient, showing multiple bilateral kidney tumors, with diameters ranging between 1 and 5 cm. Radiologically, most of the tumors have malignant characteristics due to their hypervascularity and radiopaque enhancement.
A medical condition is termed heterogeneous, or a heterogeneous disease, if it has several etiologies (root causes); as opposed to homogeneous conditions, which have the same root cause for all patients in a given group. Examples of heterogeneous conditions are hepatitis and diabetes. Heterogeneity is not unusual, as medical conditions are ...
Thyroid scans show minimal uptake during the acute phase due to disrupted thyroid follicles, but increase during recovery due to the thyroid gland's enhanced iodine trapping capacity. Thyroid ultrasonography typically shows thyroid gland enlargement and hypoechogenicity, while color Doppler ultrasonography may show low or normal vascular flow.
Thyroid follicular adenoma ranges in diameter from 3 cm on an average, but sometimes is larger (up to 10 cm) or smaller. The typical thyroid adenoma is solitary, spherical and encapsulated lesion that is well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma. The color ranges from gray-white to red-brown, depending upon the cellularity of the adenoma
The two thyroid hormones are Thyroxine (T 4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T 3). T 4 and T 3 can be measured by their total amount, or free amount. As the free amount reflects the amount available to body tissues, the most treatment-relevant measures for thyroid disorders are Free T 3 and Free T 4. [68]