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The construction of many early (mid-18th century) binnacles used iron nails, which were later discovered to cause magnetic deviations in compass readings. As the development of the compass and understanding of magnetism progressed, greater attention was given to binnacle construction to avoid compass disturbances caused by iron.
John Wilson Gillie was born on 31 March 1864. On 31 July 1880 he was apprenticed for four years to J.J. Wilson and Sons, Nautical Instrument Makers of Sunderland. Following the apprenticeship he spent six months to a year as an ‘improver’ in Glasgow, and then started a new company ‘Wilson and Gillie’ in North Shields.
Following Ritchie’s death in 1895, his sons transferred the scientific instruments to the L. E. Knott Apparatus Co., while retaining the nautical instrument line. The firm was incorporated as E.S. Ritchie & Sons, Inc. in 1939, and continues operations to the present day. [15]
These instruments are used primarily to measure the elevation or altitude of a celestial object: Back staff, the best known of which is the Davis' quadrant. It could measure the altitude of the Sun without having the navigator directly observe the Sun. Cross staff, an older instrument long out of use.
Spencer, Browning & Rust was a successful company, given the large number of surviving nautical instruments. [10] The firm manufactured a variety of navigational instruments, including octants, sextants, telescopes, and compasses, for both domestic and international markets. Nautical instruments marked with the SBR logo are found in the museums ...
Spencer, Browning & Rust was a London firm that manufactured instruments for navigational use during the 18th and 19th centuries. The predecessor company of Spencer and Browning was established by William Spencer and Samuel Browning in 1778, before they entered into partnership with Ebenezer Rust in 1784.
Taylor was an instrument maker, and established herself as such. The first advertisements for her own chronometers appeared in 1838. After her discovery that the Earth was spheroidal, Taylor would create and adjust compasses, sextants, binnacles, and other nautical tools to keep up with this new discovery and the principles that came with it.
In 1399, an Egyptian reports two different kinds of magnetic compass. One instrument is a “fish” made of willow wood or pumpkin, into which a magnetic needle is inserted and sealed with tar or wax to prevent the penetration of water. The other instrument is a dry compass. [65] Navigational sailor's compass rose, 1607
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