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In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis.Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [1]
In practice however, BERT's sentence embedding with the [CLS] token achieves poor performance, often worse than simply averaging non-contextual word embeddings. SBERT later achieved superior sentence embedding performance [8] by fine tuning BERT's [CLS] token embeddings through the usage of a siamese neural network architecture on the SNLI dataset.
The word with embeddings most similar to the topic vector might be assigned as the topic's title, whereas far away word embeddings may be considered unrelated. As opposed to other topic models such as LDA , top2vec provides canonical ‘distance’ metrics between two topics, or between a topic and another embeddings (word, document, or otherwise).
Modern methods use a neural classifier which is trained on word embeddings, beginning with work by Danqi Chen and Christopher Manning in 2014. [20] In the past, feature-based classifiers were also common, with features chosen from part-of-speech tags, sentence position, morphological information, etc.
The hidden states of the last layer can then be used as contextual word embeddings. BERT is an "encoder-only" transformer architecture. At a high level, BERT consists of 4 modules: Tokenizer: This module converts a piece of English text into a sequence of integers ("tokens").
The autoencoder is trained to reproduce every vector in the full recursion tree, including the initial word embeddings. Given two sentences W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} and W 2 {\displaystyle W_{2}} of length 4 and 3 respectively, the autoencoders would produce 7 and 5 vector representations including the initial word embeddings.
ELMo (embeddings from language model) is a word embedding method for representing a sequence of words as a corresponding sequence of vectors. [1] It was created by researchers at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence , [ 2 ] and University of Washington and first released in February, 2018.
It disregards word order (and thus most of syntax or grammar) but captures multiplicity. The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where, for example, the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier. [1] It has also been used for computer vision. [2]