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Shaping is a conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations. It was introduced by B. F. Skinner [1] with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species. In shaping, the form of an existing response is gradually changed ...
The experimental analysis of behavior is a science that studies the behavior of individuals across a variety of species. A key early scientist was B. F. Skinner who discovered operant behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement, stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization.
The machine embodies key elements of Skinner's theory of learning and had important implications for education in general and classroom instruction in particular. [ 45 ] In one incarnation, the machine was a box that housed a list of questions that could be viewed one at a time through a small window.
The psychology of learning refers to theories and research on how individuals learn. There are many theories of learning. Some take on a more behaviorist approach which focuses on inputs and reinforcements. [1] [2] [3] Other approaches, such as neuroscience and social cognition, focus more on how the brain's organization and structure influence ...
From this, developmental psychologists proposed theories on operant learning in children. That research was applied to education and the treatment of illness in young children. [10] Skinner's theory of operant conditioning played a key role in helping psychologists understand how behavior is learned.
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction .
Psychological behaviorism is a form of behaviorism—a major theory within psychology which holds that generally human behaviors are learned—proposed by Arthur W. Staats. The theory is constructed to advance from basic animal learning principles to deal with all types of human behavior, including personality, culture, and human evolution.
In the early 1950s, B. F. Skinner and others began to point out the similarities between the learning process and evolution through variation and selection. [6] [7] [8] More recently, models explicitly analogous to gene mutation and selection by reinforcement have been applied to operant conditioning phenomena.