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An ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The simplest case is a pair of water molecules with one hydrogen bond between them, which is called the water dimer and is often used as a model system. When more molecules are present, as is ...
2 O, the 2s orbital of oxygen is mixed with the premixed hydrogen orbitals, forming a new bonding (2a 1) and antibonding orbital (4a 1). Similarly, the 2p orbital (b 1) and the other premixed hydrogen 1s orbitals (b 1) are mixed to make bonding orbital 1b 1 and antibonding orbital 2b 1. The two remaining 2p orbitals are unmixed.
Date: 16 April 2011: Source: File:3D model hydrogen bonds in water.jpg: Author: User Qwerter at Czech wikipedia: Qwerter.Transferred from to Commons by sevela.p.Translated to english by by Michal Maňas (User:snek01).
Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for several of the water's physical properties. These properties include its relatively high melting and boiling point temperatures: more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
The water dimer consists of two water molecules loosely bound by a hydrogen bond. It is the smallest water cluster. Because it is the simplest model system for studying hydrogen bonding in water, it has been the target of many theoretical [1] [2] [3] (and later experimental) studies that it has been called a "theoretical Guinea pig". [4]
In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H 2 O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonding lone pairs. [citation needed] However, in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The most common ...
The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent. [95] These bonds are the cause of water's high surface tension [96] and capillary forces.
English: Hydrogen bonding of water molecules 2D. Date: 18 December 2022: Source: File:Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.png: Author: raster original by Benjah-bmm27