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Delta time or delta timing is a concept used amongst programmers in relation to hardware and network responsiveness. [1] In graphics programming, the term is usually used for variably updating scenery based on the elapsed time since the game last updated, [2] (i.e. the previous "frame") which will vary depending on the speed of the computer, and how much work needs to be done in the program at ...
Depending on the game implementation, these issues can also be caused by non-network factors such as frame rendering time or inconsistent frame rate. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Netcode is often designed to mask networking irregularities and create a synchronous and smooth gamestate across multiple users.
In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with frame frequency and refresh rate, which are expressed in hertz. Additionally, in the context of computer graphics performance, FPS is the rate at which a system, particularly a GPU , is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed ...
The amount of frames rendered per second (on average) is called the frame rate. Using common a 60 Hz monitor as an example, the maximum theoretical frame rate is 60 FPS (frames per second), which means the minimum theoretical input lag for the overall system is approximately 16.67 ms (1 frame/60 FPS) .
A depiction of 5 display refresh cycles with what may be shown during a micro stuttering case. Each colored section represents one of the GPU's frame buffer and each color change represents a frame buffer swap. Assuming a 60 Hz refresh rate, a benchmark tool may report this as 144 frames per second.
The first fully mechanical digital computer, the Z1, operated at 1 Hz (cycle per second) clock frequency and the first electromechanical general purpose computer, the Z3, operated at a frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The first electronic general purpose computer, the ENIAC, used a 100 kHz clock in its cycling unit. As each instruction took 20 ...
On displays with a fixed refresh rate, a frame can only be shown on the screen at specific intervals, evenly spaced apart. If a new frame is not ready when that interval arrives, then the old frame is held on screen until the next interval (stutter) or a mixture of the old frame and the completed part of the new frame is shown ().
Given a smaller window of say 2 frames, however, the effect of lag becomes much more significant. Assuming the human's response is centered on the 2 frame window and the super-human has a 99.99% chance to hit the window, introducing a full frame of lag causes the success rate to drop all the way to about 50%.