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Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. [2] Propranolol was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964. [9]
[31] [32] In any subsequent pregnancy, careful monitoring is necessary. A stress test or echocardiogram should be complete prior to a subsequent pregnancy. Where relapse occurs, conventional treatment should be resumed, including hydralazine with nitrates plus beta-blockers during pregnancy, or ACE-inhibitors plus beta-blockers following pregnancy.
Atenolol is classified as a beta blocker with low lipophilicity and hence lower potential for crossing the blood–brain barrier and entering the brain. [44] This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [44] Only small amounts of atenolol are said to enter the ...
The Cleveland Clinic classified beta blockers into two categories, cardioselective and nonselective, according to its website. The latter is for medicines that block the B1 receptors found in the ...
It is a selective β 1 receptor blocker medication. [4] It is taken by mouth or is given intravenously. [4] Common side effects include trouble sleeping, feeling tired, feeling faint, and abdominal discomfort. [4] Large doses may cause serious toxicity. [5] [6] Risk in pregnancy has not been ruled out. [4] [7] It appears to be safe in ...
The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerful α 1-adrenergic receptor blocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker and selective α 1 blocker. [19] Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking ...
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.