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Loadline displacement – The weight or mass of the ship loaded to the load line or plimsoll mark. Deadweight tonnage (DWT) is a measure of how much weight a ship can carry. [1] [2] [3] It is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew. [1]
The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (B MAX ) is the distance between planes passing through the outer sides of the ship, beam of the hull (B H ) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull , and beam at waterline (B WL ) is the maximum width where the hull intersects the surface of the water.
Because of the increased weight of timber cargoes on a deck, the Code requires the ship's stability to be calculated according to a set list of criteria and guidance. [4] The 2011 update to the Code include the addition of loop lashing as an optional shipboard practice compared with top-over lashing for securing timber deck cargoes. [6]
Stack weights violation. Each bay/row has a stack weight that should not be exceed as it may cause damage to other containers or vessel structure. Weight inversion. Weight inversion should be avoided; heavier cargo should be stored below lighter cargo. Unused slots under deck should be avoided and the planning should be done from bottom to top.
The ship's hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced. [4] To calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater (1,025 kg/m 3 ) is more dense than fresh water (1,000 kg/m 3 ); [ 5 ] so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh.
A few ships (APL since 2007, [44] Carrier53 since 2022 [45]) can carry 53 foot containers. 40 foot containers are the primary container size, making up about 90% of all container shipping and since container shipping moves 90% of the world's freight, over 80% of the world's freight moves via 40 foot containers.
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After straddling the payload, Pioneering Spirit takes on ballast to lower, and two sets of eight (one set per bow) retractable motion-compensated horizontal lifting beams are extended under the payload. Once the load is secure, the vessel offloads the ballast, rising in the water and partially transferring the load to the beams.