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The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire, [f] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [16] It developed in the Early Middle Ages , and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .
Following the death of Otto I in 973, his son Otto II ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The death of Otto I presented King Harald of Norway with an opportunity to assert independence and free his people from the influence of the empire. Harald, along with other Norwegian factions, formally rebelled against the new emperor.
The German throne dispute or German throne controversy (German: Deutscher Thronstreit) was a political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 to 1215. This dispute, between the House of Hohenstaufen and the House of Welf, was over the successor to Emperor Henry VI, who had just died.
The plinth and enclosure of the throne are made of sandstone and date to the 13th century. Its sides are decorated with animal figures and legendary creatures. Apart from the Aachen Throne of Charlemagne in Aachen - whose shape it resembles - the Goslar imperial throne is the only surviving medieval throne of a Holy Roman emperor.
The Italian campaigns of the Holy Roman emperors decreased, but the kingdom did not become wholly meaningless. In 1310 the Luxembourg King Henry VII of Germany with 5,000 men again crossed the Alps, moved into Milan and had himself crowned king of Italy (with a mock-up of the Iron Crown ), sparking a Guelph rebellion under Lord Guido della Torre .
In the Holy Roman Empire, the Great Interregnum (so-called to distinguish it from the longer period between 924 and 962) was a period of time, from approximately 1254 until 1273, following the throne dispute of Frederick II where the succession of the Holy Roman Empire was contested and fought over between pro- and anti-Hohenstaufen factions.
Henry II was a member of the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors who ruled the Holy Roman Empire (previously Germany) from 919 to 1024. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Henry II was the great-grandson of Henry I , great-nephew of Otto I , first-cousin once removed of Otto II , and a second-cousin to Otto III .