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Vacancies occur naturally in all crystalline materials. At any given temperature, up to the melting point of the material, there is an equilibrium concentration (ratio of vacant lattice sites to those containing atoms). [2] At the melting point of some metals the ratio can be approximately 1:1000. [3] This temperature dependence can be modelled by
For a reversible reaction, the equilibrium constant can be measured at a variety of temperatures. This data can be plotted on a graph with ln K eq on the y-axis and 1 / T on the x axis. The data should have a linear relationship, the equation for which can be found by fitting the data using the linear form of the Van 't Hoff equation
[2] [3] In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city. The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a ...
The concentration of sites is given by dividing the total number of sites (S 0) covering the whole surface by the area of the adsorbent (a): [] = /. We can then calculate the concentration of all sites by summing the concentration of free sites [S] and occupied sites:
In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125
The vapor-liquid equilibrium line (the curved line from (0,0) to (1,1) in Figure 1) represents the vapor phase composition for a given liquid phase composition at equilibrium. Vertical lines drawn from the horizontal axis up to the x = y line indicate the composition of the inlet feed stream, the composition of the top (distillate) product ...
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
Pitzer equations [1] are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They were first described by physical chemist Kenneth Pitzer . [ 5 ]