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Aflatoxin M 1 may be found in milk, including human milk. In cows, sheep, goats and buffaloes that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B 1, aflatoxin M 1 will be formed as a result of the metabolic process in the livers of ruminants and excreted in their milk. Humans can be exposed to the toxins through consumption of contaminated ...
Aflatoxin M 2, metabolite of aflatoxin B 2 in milk of cattle fed on contaminated foods [20] Aflatoxicol (AFL): metabolite produced by breaking down the lactone ring; Aflatoxin Q 1 (AFQ 1), major metabolite of AFB 1 in in vitro liver preparations of other higher vertebrates [21] AFM, AFQ, and AFL retain the possibility to become an epoxide.
A. parasiticus produces aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, named for the colours emitted under UV light on thin-layer chromatography plates—either blue and green. The numbers refer to the type of compound with 1 being major and 2 being minor. [3] These aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins which have detrimental effects to humans and livestock. [4]
Aflatoxin B 1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD 50 3.2 μg/kg/day in rats. [ 4 ] This carcinogenic potency varies across species with some, such as rats and monkeys, seemingly much more susceptible than others.
The synthesis of racemic aflatoxin B1 has been reported by Buechi et al. in 1967 [3] and that of racemic aflatoxin B2 by Roberts et al. in 1968 [4] The group of Barry Trost of Stanford University is responsible for the enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-Aflatoxin B 1 and B 2a in 2003. [5]
The laboratory can determine the concentrations of the mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and M1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin and red tide toxins to as low as 5 ppb.
ELISA plate showing various cortisol levels Enzymes used in ELISAs include horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) or glucose oxidase . These enzymes allow for detection often because they produce an observable color change in the presence of certain reagents.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) Fluorescent enzyme immunoassays (FEIAs) Chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs)
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