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Paramagnetic materials include aluminium, oxygen, titanium, and iron oxide (FeO). Therefore, a simple rule of thumb is used in chemistry to determine whether a particle (atom, ion, or molecule) is paramagnetic or diamagnetic: [ 3 ] if all electrons in the particle are paired, then the substance made of this particle is diamagnetic; if it has ...
Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. [2] Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (14.5 psi).
Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the two metastable states of molecular oxygen (O 2) with higher energy than the ground state triplet oxygen. Because of the differences in their electron shells, singlet oxygen has different chemical and physical properties than triplet oxygen, including absorbing and emitting light at different ...
Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. [68] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. [19] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass [69] as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.
If all the electrons are paired, there is a slight repulsion and it is classified as diamagnetic. If unpaired electrons are present, it is attracted to a magnetic field, and therefore paramagnetic. Oxygen is an example of a paramagnetic diatomic. The bond order of diatomic oxygen is two. [12]
Triplet oxygen, 3 O 2, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical : [ 2 ] it is more stable as a triplet than a singlet .
Both singlet oxygen states have no unpaired electrons and therefore no net electron spin. The 1 Δ g is however paramagnetic as shown by the observation of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum. [16] [17] [18] The paramagnetism of the 1 Δ g state is due to a net orbital (and not spin) electronic angular momentum.
Very few compounds of main group elements are paramagnetic. Notable examples include: oxygen, O 2; nitric oxide, NO; nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 and chlorine dioxide, ClO 2. In organic chemistry, compounds with an unpaired electron are said to be free radicals. Free radicals, with some exceptions, are short-lived because one free radical will react ...