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In mathematics, the spectrum of a matrix is the set of its eigenvalues. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] More generally, if T : V → V {\displaystyle T\colon V\to V} is a linear operator on any finite-dimensional vector space , its spectrum is the set of scalars λ {\displaystyle \lambda } such that T − λ I {\displaystyle T-\lambda I} is not invertible .
The spectrum is the complement of the resolvent set σ ( L ) = C ∖ ρ ( L ) , {\displaystyle \sigma (L)=\mathbb {C} \setminus \rho (L),} and subject to a mutually singular spectral decomposition into the point spectrum (when condition 1 fails), the continuous spectrum (when condition 2 fails) and the residual spectrum (when condition 3 fails).
It also refers to the spectrum σ(x) of an element x of an algebra with unit 1, that is the set of complex numbers r for which x − r 1 is not invertible in A. For unital C*-algebras, the two notions are connected in the following way: σ( x ) is the set of complex numbers f ( x ) where f ranges over Gelfand space of A .
Let B be a complex Banach algebra containing a unit e. Then we define the spectrum σ(x) (or more explicitly σ B (x)) of an element x of B to be the set of those complex numbers λ for which λe − x is not invertible in B. This extends the definition for bounded linear operators B(X) on a Banach space X, since B(X) is a unital Banach algebra.
The spectrum of T restricted to H ac is called the absolutely continuous spectrum of T, σ ac (T). The spectrum of T restricted to H sc is called its singular spectrum, σ sc (T). The set of eigenvalues of T is called the pure point spectrum of T, σ pp (T). The closure of the eigenvalues is the spectrum of T restricted to H pp.
The suspension spectrum of a space , denoted is a spectrum = (the structure maps are the identity.) For example, the suspension spectrum of the 0-sphere is the sphere spectrum discussed above. The homotopy groups of this spectrum are then the stable homotopy groups of X {\displaystyle X} , so
In mathematics, the spectrum of a C*-algebra or dual of a C*-algebra A, denoted Â, is the set of unitary equivalence classes of irreducible *-representations of A.A *-representation π of A on a Hilbert space H is irreducible if, and only if, there is no closed subspace K different from H and {0} which is invariant under all operators π(x) with x ∈ A.
The spectral radius of a finite graph is defined to be the spectral radius of its adjacency matrix.. This definition extends to the case of infinite graphs with bounded degrees of vertices (i.e. there exists some real number C such that the degree of every vertex of the graph is smaller than C).
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