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In humans, IL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene, which is located on chromosome 1 and comprises five exons, [5] and is primarily produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes, namely type-II T helper cells (T H 2), mast cells, CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells, and in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. [33]
Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a type II cytokine receptor.The receptor is tetrameric, composed of 2α [1] and 2β [2] subunits. The α subunit (encoded in the Il10ra gene) is expressed on haematopoietic cells (such as T, B, NK, mast, and dendritic cells) whilst the β subunit (encoded in the Il10rb gene) is expressed ubiquitously.
The exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6 occurs in an exponential manner and the peak IL-6 level is reached at the end of the exercise or shortly thereafter. It is the combination of mode, intensity, and duration of the exercise that determines the magnitude of the exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6. [34]
Classic hormones circulate in aqueous solution in nanomolar (10-9 M) concentrations that usually vary by less than one order of magnitude. In contrast, some cytokines (such as IL-6) circulate in picomolar (10-12 M) concentrations that can increase up to 1,000 times during trauma or infection. The widespread distribution of cellular sources for ...
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Overexpression of IL-4R has been found in many types of cancer. Renal cells and glioblastoma modify 10 000 – 13 000 receptors per cell depending on tumor type. [21] IL-4 can primitively motivate tumor cells and increase their apoptosis resistance by increasing tumor growth. [22]
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