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In contrast to individuals with internalizing disorders who internalize (keep inside) their maladaptive emotions and cognitions, such feelings and thoughts are externalized (manifested outside) in behavior in individuals with externalizing disorders.
Problems with self-regulation, including impulsivity, violence, sensation-seeking, and rule-breaking, are indicative of an externalizing risk pathway. [3] A discrepancy exists between bottom-up reward-related circuitry, such as the ventral striatum, and top-down inhibitory control circuitry, which is located in the prefrontal cortex, linking externalizing behaviors. [4]
The internalizing disorders, with high levels of negative affectivity, include depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma and stressor-related disorders, and dissociative disorders, [4] [5] bulimia, and anorexia come under this category, [1] as do dysthymia, and somatic disorders (in Huberty 2017) and posttraumatic stress disorder (in Huberty 2004).
To internalise is defined by the Oxford American Dictionary as to "make (attitudes or behavior) part of one's nature by learning or unconscious assimilation: people learn gender stereotypes and internalize them."
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People who struggle with emotional dysregulation often externalize, internalize, or dissociate when exposed to stressors. These behaviors are attempts to regulate emotions but often are ineffective in addressing stress in relationships.
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One explanation is that men tend to externalize stress while women tend to internalize it. Gender differences vary to some degree for different cultures. [99] Men and women do not differ on their overall rates of psychopathology; however, certain disorders are more prevalent in women, and vice versa.