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Finally, in adults, the head represents approximately 12% of the body length. The cephalocaudal trend is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs. The proximodistal trend, on the other hand, is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards.
The proximodistal trend is the tendency for more general functions of limbs to develop before more specific or fine motor skills. It comes from the Latin words proxim- which means "close" [ 1 ] and "-dis-" meaning "away from", [ 2 ] because the trend essentially describes a path from the center outward.
Like physical growth, motor development shows predictable patterns of cephalocaudal (head to foot) and proximodistal (torso to extremities) development, with movements at the head and in the more central areas coming under control before those of the lower part of the body or the hands and feet. [90]
Arm and hands are more developed than feet and legs (cephalocaudal development); hands appear large in proportion to other body parts. Legs may continue to appear bowed. "Baby fat" continues to appear on thighs, upper arms and neck. Feet appear flat as arch has not yet fully developed. Both eyes work in unison (true binocular coordination).
Biological rules and laws are often developed as succinct, broadly applicable ways to explain complex phenomena or salient observations about the ecology and biogeographical distributions of plant and animal species around the world, though they have been proposed for or extended to all types of organisms. Many of these regularities of ecology ...
Early signals that define the craniocaudal (anterior-posterior), and proximodistal axes in vertebrate limb development. In 1957, the discovery of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the limb bud provided a model for understanding the patterning activity by the action of a morphogenic gradient of sonic hedgehog (Shh). [40]
Feedback is regarded as a critical variable for skill acquisition and is broadly defined as any kind of sensory information related to a response or movement. [7] Intrinsic feedback is response-produced — it occurs normally when a movement is made and the sources may be internal or external to the body.
The face and neck development of the human embryo refers to the development of the structures from the third to eighth week that give rise to the future head and neck.They consist of three layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which form the mesenchyme (derived form the lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm), neural crest and neural placodes (from the ectoderm). [1]