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It is difficult to distinguish between symptoms caused by infection of the HCoV-NL63 virus and those caused by other common human viruses, making diagnosis and detection complex. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of samples collected through nasopharyngeal swab is the most commonly used method for detection of the virus. [ 10 ]
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid based genome. [1] The genome can be single-stranded RNA or double-stranded . [2] Notable human ...
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The main types of RNA therapeutics are those based on messenger RNA (mRNA), antisense RNA (asRNA), RNA interference (RNAi), and RNA aptamers. Of the four types, mRNA-based therapy is the only type which is based on triggering synthesis of proteins within cells, making it particularly useful in vaccine development. [ 3 ]
Typical RNA viruses used as vectors include retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses and rhabdoviruses, each of which can differ in structure and function. [75] Clinical studies have utilized such viruses on a range of diseases in model animals such as mice , chicken and primates .
Positive-strand RNA virus genomes usually contain relatively few genes, usually between three and ten, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. [4] Coronaviruses have the largest known RNA genomes, between 27 and 32 kilobases in length, and likely possess replication proofreading mechanisms in the form of an exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein nsp14.
RNA viruses present a therapeutic double-edged sword: RNA viruses can withstand the challenge of antiviral drugs, cause epidemics, and infect multiple host species due to their mutagenic nature, making them difficult to treat. However, the reverse transcriptase protein that often comes with the RNA virus can be used as an indirect target for ...
Like other Cas enzymes, Cas12a binds to a "guide" RNA (termed a crRNA, or CRISPR RNA) which targets it to a DNA sequence in a specific and programmable matter. In the host organism, the crRNA contains a constant region that is recognized by the Cas12a protein and a "spacer" region that is complementary to a piece of foreign nucleic acid (e.g. a ...