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Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1] The pentad symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS), and cataplexy. [1]
Sodium oxybate, sold under the brand name Xyrem among others, is a medication used to treat symptoms of narcolepsy: sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness. [3] [7] [8] It is used sometimes in France and Italy as an anesthetic given intravenously.
It is the only drug authorised by the EMA to treat the whole disease in adults, and by the FDA to treat patients who have cataplexy with the indication to be used for combating excessive daytime sleepiness. [4] [20] This drug helps to normalise sleep architecture and inhibits the intrusion REM sleep elements like paralysis during the day. [4]
Usually, people with this disorder have ataxia, mild–moderate sensorineural hearing loss, narcolepsy, and cataplexy. These symptoms start happening when an affected person is about 30 years old. [6] [7] A bit later in life, people with ADCADN start showing a decline in executive function known as dementia.
A large percentage of people with narcolepsy have cataplexy as well, which along with excessive sleepiness disrupts a person’s ability to socialize, work at a job, drive a car or even have close ...
Unlike narcolepsy with cataplexy, which has a known cause (autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons), the cause of IH is largely unknown. As of 2012, researchers have identified a few abnormalities associated with IH, which with further study may help to clarify the etiology.
Pitolisant, sold under the brand name Wakix among others, is a medication used for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy. [3] It is an inverse agonist of the histamine 3 (H 3) receptor (an antihistamine drug specific to that kind of receptors). [3]
Medications and somatic treatments may provide the most rapid symptomatic relief from certain disorders, such as narcolepsy, which is best treated with prescription drugs such as modafinil. [33] Others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, may be more amenable to behavioral interventions—with more durable results.
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