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Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut-biti(dual king) name, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown of upper and lower Egypt. [43] A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power. [43]
Menes is traditionally considered the first king/pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and is identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Narmer – although a vigorous debate also proposes identification with Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor, as a primary alternative.
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) [1] covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt , by Menes , or Narmer , [ 2 ] and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period , when power was centered at Thinis .
Den was the first to use the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt" and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). Notably, the floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab , near Abydos , was constructed using red and black granite , making it the earliest known use of this hard stone as a building material in Egypt with a flight of ...
Menes (fl. c. 3200–3000 BC; [1] / ˈ m eɪ n eɪ z /; Ancient Egyptian: mnj, probably pronounced * /maˈnij/; [6] Ancient Greek: Μήνης [5] and Μήν [7]) was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the First Dynasty.
Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [4] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [5] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [6]
According to Manetho, the first monarch of the unified Upper and Lower Egypt was Menes, who is now identified with Narmer. Indeed, Narmer is the earliest recorded First Dynasty monarch. Narmer appears first on the necropolis seal impressions of Den and Qa'a.
Iry-Hor (or Ro; [2] fl. c. 3170 BC) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC. [1] Excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s [3] [4] [5] and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in Sinai confirmed his existence. [1]