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The Chief Justice is always assigned to the Fourth Circuit as the circuit justice, due to Richmond's close proximity to Washington, D.C. [citation needed] The Fourth Circuit is considered an extremely collegial court. By tradition, the judges of the Fourth Circuit come down from the bench following each oral argument to greet the lawyers. [9] [10]
The Tenth Circuit was created in 1929 by subdividing the existing Eighth Circuit, and the Eleventh Circuit was created in 1981 by subdividing the existing Fifth Circuit. The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 by the merger of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.
elevation to 4th Cir. 15 Walter Edward Hoffman: VA: 1907–1996 1954–1974 1961–1973 1974–1996 Eisenhower: death 16 Oren Ritter Lewis: VA: 1902–1983 1960–1974 — 1974–1983 Eisenhower: death 17 John D. Butzner Jr. VA: 1917–2006 1962–1967 — — Kennedy: elevation to 4th Cir. 18 Richard Boykin Kellam: VA: 1909–1996 1967–1981 ...
’The Fourth Branch’ of US government — consisting of “an ever more unchecked and unaccountable centre …, working behind a veil of secrecy”, citing Tom Engelhardt (2014). [25] Per Engelhardt: “Classically, … the three branches of government … were to check and balance one another so that power would never become centralized ….
The District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. [2] It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823, by 3 Stat. 726. [2]
The categories of local government established in this Census of Governments is a convenient basis for understanding local government in the United States. The categories are as follows: [2] County Governments; Town or Township Governments; Municipal Governments; Special-Purpose Local Governments
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This court had the same original jurisdiction and powers as the United States circuit courts but, unlike those courts, it continued to have its own judges even after the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, and also exercised appellate jurisdiction over justices of the peace and other "local" courts of the District.