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The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. cat file 2 >1 vs cat file 2 > & 1. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named ' 1 ' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout. Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another.
>> file means stdout will be appended at the end of file. >>& file means both stdout and stderr will be appended at the end of file. < file means stdin will be read from file. << string is a here document. Stdin will read the following lines up to the one that matches string. Redirecting stderr alone isn't possible without the aid of a sub-shell.
Yes (stdin, stdout, stderr, stdout+stderr) Yes (via registry, TCMD.INI / 4NT.INI file, startup parameters, environment variables, SETDOS command) Yes (automatic via registry and TCSTART / 4START as well as TCEXIT / 4EXIT, or explicitly via /K startup option) Yes (via CALL command or /C and /K startup options) Yes No VMS DCL [22] OpenVMS
Text files can serve either purpose as well. This provides the interfaces of piping, filters and redirection. Under Unix, devices are files too, so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin, stdout and stderr is a tty device file.
#!/usr/bin/env python import sys # Save the current stdout so that we can revert sys.stdout # after we complete our redirection stdin_fileno = sys. stdin stdout_fileno = sys. stdout # Redirect sys.stdout to the file sys. stdout = open ("myfile.txt", "w") ctr = 0 for inps in stdin_fileno: ctrs = str (ctr) # Prints to the redirected stdout sys ...
Women are pranking their husbands by saying they filled their car with "Christmas gas" because it has a green pump, leading the men to freak out thinking they used diesel.
-print: always returns true; prints the name of the current file plus a newline to the stdout.-print0: always returns true; prints the name of the current file plus a null character to the stdout. Not required by POSIX.-exec program [arguments...] ;: runs program with the given arguments, and returns true if its exit status was 0, false otherwise.
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