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  2. Gluconeogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis

    It is proposed that fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase was an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme and had preceded glycolysis. [37] But the chemical mechanisms between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, whether it is anabolic or catabolic, are similar, suggesting they both originated at the same time.

  3. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

  4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphatase

    Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is another temperature dependent enzyme that plays an important role in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis during hibernation. [14] Its main role is in glycolysis instead of gluconeogenesis, but its substrate is the same as FBPase's, so its activity affects that of FBPase in gluconeogenesis.

  5. Phosphofructokinase 2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_2

    Fru-2,6-P 2 contributes to the rate-determining step of glycolysis as it activates enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 in the glycolysis pathway, and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 in gluconeogenesis. [1] Since Fru-2,6-P 2 differentially regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it can act as a key signal to switch between the opposing ...

  6. Pyruvate kinase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase

    Although it utilizes similar enzymes, gluconeogenesis is not the reverse of glycolysis. It is instead a pathway that circumvents the irreversible steps of glycolysis. Furthermore, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis do not occur concurrently in the cell at any given moment as they are reciprocally regulated by cell signaling. [17]

  7. Carbohydrate metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism

    Fructose must undergo certain extra steps in order to enter the glycolysis pathway. [2] Enzymes located in certain tissues can add a phosphate group to fructose. [12] This phosphorylation creates fructose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway that can be broken down directly in those tissues. [12]

  8. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase

    In gluconeogenesis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is reduced to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with aldolase. In glycolysis fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is made into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate through the use of aldolase. The aldolase used in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis is a cytoplasmic protein.

  9. Phosphoglycerate kinase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_kinase

    PGK is a major enzyme used in glycolysis, in the first ATP-generating step of the glycolytic pathway. In gluconeogenesis, the reaction catalyzed by PGK proceeds in the opposite direction, generating ADP and 1,3-BPG. In humans, two isozymes of PGK have been so far identified, PGK1 and PGK2.