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In 1961, Danish Egyptologist Erik Iverson described a canon of proportions in classical Egyptian painting. [2] This work was based on still-detectable grid lines on tomb paintings: he determined that the grid was 18 cells high, with the base-line at the soles of the feet and the top of the grid aligned with hair line, [3] and the navel at the eleventh line. [4]
Human proportions marked out in an illustration from a 20th-century anatomy text-book. Hermann Braus, 1921 Drawing of a human male, showing the order of measurement in preparation for a figurative art work (Lantéri, 1903) [1] It is usually important in figure drawing to draw the human figure in proportion.
Figure drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. A figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its various shapes and postures, using any of the drawing media. The term can also refer to the act of producing such a drawing. The degree of representation may range from highly detailed, anatomically correct renderings to loose and expressive sketches.
The drawing is described by Leonardo's notes as Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio, [2] variously translated as The Proportions of the Human Figure after Vitruvius, [3] or Proportional Study of a Man in the Manner of Vitruvius. [4] It is much better known as the Vitruvian Man. [2]
Greek art emphasized humanism along with the human mind and the human body's beauty. [8] Greek youths trained and competed in athletic contests in the nude. A great contribution to the contrapposto pose was the concept of a canon of proportions, in which mathematical properties are used to create proportions. [9]
It is a typical Greek sculpture depicting the beauty of the male body. "Polykleitos sought to capture the ideal proportions of the human figure in his statues and developed a set of aesthetic principles governing these proportions that was known as the Canon or 'Rule'. [7] He created the system based on mathematical ratios.
Body proportions – Proportions of the human body in art; Body mass index – Relative weight based on mass and height (BMI) Body roundness index – Body scale based on waist circumference and height (BRI) Bust/waist/hip measurements – Measures used for fitting clothing ("Vital statistics")
Dürer's work on human proportions is called the Four Books on Human Proportion (Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion) of 1528. [73] The first book was mainly composed by 1512/13 and completed by 1523, showing five differently constructed types of both male and female figures, all parts of the body expressed in fractions of the total height.