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If the electrical axis is between -30° and -90° this is considered left axis deviation. If the electrical axis is between +90° and +180° this is considered right axis deviation (RAD). RAD is an ECG finding that arises either as an anatomically normal variant or an indicator of underlying pathology.
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
Technical dextrocardia refers to an ECG reading that has no basis in the patient's anatomy. This apparent presentation is typically caused by the accidental lead placement of the left and right arm electrodes. Usually, this would show as an extreme axis deviation. [citation needed]
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane. The hexaxial reference system, better known as the Cabrera system, is a convention to present the extremity leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram, [1] that provides an illustrative logical sequence that helps interpretation of the ECG, especially to determine the heart's ...
LAFB cannot be diagnosed when a prior inferior wall myocardial infarction (IMI) is evident on the ECG. IMI can also cause extreme left-axis deviation, but will manifest with Q-waves in the inferior leads II, III, and aVF. By contrast, QRS complexes in the inferior leads should begin with r-waves in LAFB. [citation needed]
Beyond +105° is right axis deviation and beyond −30° is left axis deviation (the third quadrant of −90° to −180° is very rare and is an indeterminate axis). A shortcut for determining if the QRS axis is normal is if the QRS complex is mostly positive in lead I and lead II (or lead I and aVF if +90° is the upper limit of normal).
These impulses are recorded by an ECG, which shows how fast, the rhythm, intensity and timing of the electrical impulses as they travel through the heart. [51] Electrocardiography shows right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), along with right axis deviation. [24] RVH is noted on EKG as tall R-waves in lead V1 and deep S-waves in lead V5–V6. [52]
Electrical alternans is an electrocardiographic phenomenon of alternation of QRS complex amplitude or axis between beats and a possible wandering base-line. It can be seen in cardiac tamponade and severe pericardial effusion and is thought to be related to changes in the ventricular electrical axis due to fluid in the pericardium, as the heart essentially wobbles in the fluid filled ...