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  2. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument [1] [2] that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the Western intellectual tradition by the Aristotelian De Sophisticis Elenchis .

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies.

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Mind projection fallacy – Informal fallacy that the way one sees the world reflects the way the world really is; Motivated reasoning – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions; Observational error, also known as Systematic bias – Difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value

  5. Association fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fallacy

    The association fallacy is a formal logical fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing if both things belong to the same group. For example, a fallacious arguer may claim that "bears are animals, and bears are dangerous; therefore your dog, which is also an animal, must be dangerous."

  6. Formal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy

    Logical fallacy: Since most of the green is touching red, and most of the red is touching blue, most of the green must be touching blue. This, however, is a false statement. In the strictest sense, a logical fallacy is the incorrect application of a valid logical principle or an application of a nonexistent principle: Most Rimnars are Jornars.

  7. Faulty generalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulty_generalization

    Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions, yet only weakly buttress the conclusions, hence a faulty generalization is produced. The essence of this inductive fallacy lies on the overestimation of an argument based on insufficiently large samples under an implied margin of ...

  8. Attacking Faulty Reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_Faulty_Reasoning

    Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments [1] is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many years in a number of college courses on logic, critical thinking, argumentation, and philosophy. It explains 60 of the most commonly committed fallacies.

  9. Mathematical fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_fallacy

    In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy.There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known examples of mathematical fallacies there is some element of concealment or ...