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Hemivertebrae are wedge-shaped vertebrae and therefore can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis). Among the congenital vertebral anomalies, hemivertebrae are the most likely to cause neurologic problems. [5] The most common location is the midthoracic vertebrae, especially the eighth (T8). [6]
In 1953, further complications were later reported by McRae; flexion and extension is concentrated within the C1 and C2 vertebrae. As with aging, the odontoid process can become hypermobile, narrowing the space where the spinal cord and brain stem travel (spinal stenosis). Type II—Long fusion below C2 with an abnormal occipital-cervical junction.
The body is innervated by spinal nerves that branch off from the spinal cord. [18] This innervation enables the brain to receive sensory inputs and send motor outputs. There are 8 cervical spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Cervical spinal nerves C1, C2 and C3 help control the movements of the head and neck.
Vertebral anomalies, or defects of the spinal column, usually consist of small (hypoplastic) vertebrae or hemivertebra where only one half of the bone is formed.About 80 percent of patients with VACTERL association will have vertebral anomalies. [6]
In this type of neural tube defect, the meninges do not herniate through the opening in the spinal canal. [19] The most frequently seen form of spina bifida occulta is when parts of the bones of the spine, called the spinous process, and the neural arch appear abnormal on a radiogram, without involvement of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. [21]
Diastematomyelia is a "dysraphic state" of unknown embryonic origin, but is probably initiated by an accessory neurenteric canal (an additional embryonic spinal canal.).) This condition may be an isolated phenomenon or may be associated with other segmental anomalies of the vertebral bodies such as spina bifida, kyphoscoliosis, butterfly vertebra, hemivertebra and block vertebrae which are ...
Acrania is a rare congenital disorder that occurs in the human fetus in which the flat bones in the cranial vault are either completely or partially absent. [1] The cerebral hemispheres develop completely but abnormally. [1] The condition is frequently, though not always, associated with anencephaly. The fetus is said to have acrania if it ...
Since many of the characteristics of iniencephaly, such as congenital retroflexion of the spine and fusion of the cervical vertebrae, are shared with other disorders, key differences are important to note. [citation needed] While anencephaly experiences a partial to total lack of the neurocranium, iniencephaly does not. In anencephaly, the ...