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Relational database management system (RDBMS) – database management system (DBMS) based on the relational model, in which all data is represented in terms of tuples (ordered set of attribute values), grouped into relations. Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language.
In addition to SQLSTATE the SQL command GET DIAGNOSTICS offers more details about the last executed SQL command. In very early versions of the SQL standard the return code was called SQLCODE and used a different coding schema. The following table lists the standard-conforming values - based on SQL:2011. [1]
In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the SQL-data change statements, [3] which modify stored data but not the schema or database objects. Manipulation of persistent database objects, e.g., tables or stored procedures, via the SQL schema statements, [3] rather than the data stored within them, is considered to be part of a separate data definition language (DDL).
The same information can be expressed on multiple rows; therefore updates to the relation may result in logical inconsistencies. For example, each record in an "Employees' Skills" relation might contain an Employee ID, Employee Address, and Skill; thus a change of address for a particular employee may need to be applied to multiple records (one ...
Even the query language of SQL is loosely based on a relational algebra, though the operands in SQL are not exactly relations and several useful theorems about the relational algebra do not hold in the SQL counterpart (arguably to the detriment of optimisers and/or users). The SQL table model is a bag , rather than
Max table size Max row size Max columns per row Max Blob/Clob size Max CHAR size Max NUMBER size Min DATE value Max DATE value Max column name size Informix Dynamic Server: ≈0.5 YB 12: ≈0,5YB 12: 32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects) 32,765 4 TB 32,765 14: 10 125 13: 01/01/0001 10: 12/31/9999 128 bytes Ingres: Unlimited Unlimited 256 KB ...
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SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...