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The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1746 (when Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor occupied the Duchy of Guastalla after the last Gonzaga duke died childless) until 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), except for the Napoleonic era, when Napoleon's sister Pauline was briefly Duchess of Guastalla and of ...
The Duke of Parma started feeling the first effects of oedema after the failed siege of Bergen op Zoom. [44] He had to go to the town of Spa to treat his illness for nearly six months. [ 45 ] During this time, the Old Tercio of Lombardy had mutinied and Farnese ordered that it be dissolved. [ 46 ]
The Duchy would thus be inherited by his first son with Elisabeth, Infante Carlos of Spain, who reigned as Duke Charles I of Parma and Piacenza. He ruled his territories for four years until the end of the War of the Polish Succession , when, according to what was established in the Treaty of Vienna (1738) , he handed over both duchies to the ...
Duke Robert I and his mother, the regent Louise d'Artois, in 1854. On March 27, the duke's widow, Louise-Marie, announced the death of her husband and the ascension of her son, Robert I, to the position of sovereign, with herself assuming the role of regent. To facilitate the alleviation of existing tensions, all ministers were replaced.
Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former Empress Marie Louise, he succeeded her as the reigning Duke of Parma according to what had been stipulated by the Congress of Vienna. His reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill-received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution.
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Ferdinand I (Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo; 20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla from his father's death on 18 July 1765 until he ceded the duchy to France by the Treaty of Aranjuez on 20 March 1801.
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