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A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. [5] The dose-response relationship has not been determined, [2] but one study estimated 3 g/kg or greater for grapes or raisins. [6] An April 2021 letter to the editor of JAVMA hypothesized that the tartaric acid in grapes could be ...
Grapes and raisins can cause acute kidney failure in dogs [40] The exact mechanism is unknown, nor is there any means to determine the susceptibility of an individual dog. While as little as one raisin can be toxic to a susceptible 10 pounds (4.5 kg) dog, some other dogs have eaten as much as a pound of grapes or raisins at a time without ill ...
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The symptoms of poisoning vary depending on substance, the quantity a dog has consumed, the breed and size of the mammal.A common list of symptoms are digestion problems, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or blood in stool; bruising and bleeding gums, nose, or inside the ear canal; behavioral changes, such as lethargy, hyperactivity, and seizures; unusual items found in the dog's stool.
Although the vast majority of Japanese do not eat dog meat, it has been reported that more than 100 outlets in the country have been selling it imported, mainly to foreign customers. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] In 675 AD, Emperor Tenmu decreed a prohibition on its consumption during the 4th through 9th months of the year.
The drug is bound to albumin with high affinity, while α 1-acid glycoprotein and lipoproteins contribute much less to total plasma protein binding. [7] The unbound or free fraction of levocetirizine has been reported to be 8%. [7] The true volume of distribution of cetirizine is unknown but is estimated to be 0.3 to 0.45 L/kg.
For example, 0.4 oz (11 g) of baker's chocolate would be enough to produce mild symptoms in a 20 lb (9.1 kg) dog, while a 25% cacao chocolate bar (like milk chocolate) would be only 25% as toxic as the same dose of baker's chocolate. [15] One ounce of milk chocolate per pound of body weight (63 g/kg) is a potentially lethal dose in dogs. [14]