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The neural arch leans anteriorly at 35° and there are broad areas of featureless bone on the lateral surfaces of the arch. The neural canal is large and teardrop-shaped anteriorly but small and circular at its posterior opening. The various bony struts and sheets that make up the arch have a distinctive configuration. [2]
The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the longus colli muscle. The posterior tubercle is a rudimentary spinous process and gives attachment to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the skull.
The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support. [2] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the branchial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus. [4] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized.
An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch, while the haemal arch is found underneath the centrum in the caudal (tail) vertebrae of fish, most reptiles, some birds, some dinosaurs and some mammals with long tails. The vertebral processes can either give the structure rigidity, help them articulate with ribs, or serve ...
Dinosaur have complex neural arches, often ornamented with a system of laminae, fossae, and/or pleurocoels which define air sacs that lie along the vertebrae. neural spine Neural spines (also: spinous processes) are processes rising upward from the top surface of the vertebral neural arch. Singular processes, they form a single row along the ...
The neural arch is anteroposteriorly short, tall and erect which results in the postzygapophyses not reaching the level of the posterior face of the centrum. The prezygapophysis is short and angled upwards while the diapophysis is long and steeply angled towards the ventral and posterior sides.
It preserves the entire centrum and most of the neural arch, and is significantly shortened in length compared to the other dorsals, although it is about as wide across as tall. A shallow pleurocoel is also present, but is placed higher on the side of the centrum and disappears into the neural arch. Unlike the anterior dorsal, the posterior ...
There is a large, sub-triangular spinoprezygapophyseal fossa between the prezygapophyses and ventral to the base of the neural spine that is well-developed. This produces a wide shelf for the posterior section of the neural arch of the previous vertebra when combined with the flat prezygapophyses.