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  2. Fatty acid metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

    The energy yield from a gram of fatty acids is approximately 9 kcal (37 kJ), much higher than the 4 kcal (17 kJ) for carbohydrates. Since the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids is hydrophobic , these molecules can be stored in a relatively anhydrous (water-free) environment.

  3. Ketonic decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonic_decarboxylation

    The dry distillation of calcium acetate to give acetone was reported by Charles Friedel in 1858 [3] and until World War I ketonization was the premier commercial method for its production. [ 4 ] Ketonic decarboxylation of propanoic acid over a manganese(II) oxide catalyst in a tube furnace affords 3-pentanone .

  4. Calcium propanoate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_propanoate

    Propionates prevent microbes from producing the energy they need, like benzoates do. However, unlike benzoates, propionates do not require an acidic environment. [4] Calcium propionate is used in bakery products as a mold inhibitor, typically at 0.1–0.4% [5] (though animal feed may contain up to 1%). Mold contamination is considered a serious ...

  5. Dry distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_distillation

    Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break).

  6. Molecular distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_distillation

    Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still. [1] It is a process of separation, purification and concentration of natural products, complex and thermally sensitive molecules for example vitamins and ...

  7. Calcium lactate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_lactate

    The impure acid from various sources was converted to calcium lactate, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with sulfuric acid, which precipitated the calcium as calcium sulfate. This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid.

  8. List of food additives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_additives

    Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially. Flavor enhancers Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. They may be extracted from natural sources (through distillation, solvent extraction, maceration, among other methods) or created artificially.

  9. Biodiesel production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production

    Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. [6] If the feedstock oil is used or has a high acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty acids with alcohol to produce biodiesel.