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They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. [1] MAP kinases are found in eukaryotes only, but they are fairly diverse and encountered in all animals, fungi and plants, and even in an array of unicellular eukaryotes. [citation needed]
Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK, [1] MKKK, [2] M3K, [3] or, MAP3K [4]) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which acts upon MAP kinase kinase. Subsequently, MAP kinase kinase activates MAP kinase. Several types of MAPKKK can exist but are mainly characterized by the MAP kinases they activate.
One of the first proteins known to be phosphorylated by ERK was a microtubule-associated protein (MAP). As discussed below, many additional targets for phosphorylation by MAPK were later found, and the protein was renamed "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK). The series of kinases from RAF to MEK to MAPK is an example of a protein kinase ...
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAP2K, MEK, MAPKK) is a dual-specificity kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). ...
The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases; MAP Kinase Resource Archived 2021-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. Extracellular+Signal-Regulated+MAP+Kinases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MAPK1; MAPK3 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
However, in terms of signalling outputs and disease relevance, both kinases and pseudokinases are important signalling modulators in human cells, making kinases important drug targets. [7] Kinases are used extensively to transmit signals and regulate complex processes in cells. Phosphorylation of molecules can enhance or inhibit their activity ...
Deregulated kinase activity is a frequent cause of disease, in particular cancer, wherein kinases regulate many aspects that control cell growth, movement and death. Drugs that inhibit specific kinases are being developed to treat several diseases, and some are currently in clinical use, including Gleevec ( imatinib ) and Iressa ( gefitinib ).
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