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Eye color is an inherited trait determined by multiple genes. [14] [15] These genes are sought by studying small changes in the genes themselves and in neighboring genes, called single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs.
Heterochromia of the eye is called heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis. It can be complete, sectoral, or central. It can be complete, sectoral, or central. In complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color from the other.
The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) [1] or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.
Choroid dissected from a calf's eye, showing black RPE and iridescent blue tapetum lucidum. The RPE was known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the pigmentum nigrum, referring to the observation that the RPE is dark (black in many animals, brown in humans); and as the tapetum nigrum, referring to the observation that in animals with a tapetum lucidum, in the region of the tapetum lucidum the ...
Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores. In some species, pigments accrue over very long periods during an individual's lifespan. [2]
Human eye pigmentation in Europe Among human phenotypes, blue-green-gray eyes are a relatively rare [citation needed] eye color and the exact color is often perceived to vary according to its surroundings. The iris is usually strongly pigmented, with the color typically ranging between brown, hazel, green, gray, and blue.
Through a process called melanogenesis, melanocytes produce melanin, which is a pigment found in the skin, eyes, hair, nasal cavity, and inner ear. This melanogenesis leads to a long-lasting pigmentation, which is in contrast to the pigmentation that originates from oxidation of already-existing melanin.
Amber eye. Amber eyes are a solid color with a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint, which may be due to the yellow pigment called lipochrome (also found in green eyes). [38] [39] Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes. Although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to have many other colors ...