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Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. [3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold , extreme fatigue, muscle aches , constipation , slow heart rate , depression , and ...
In hypothyroidism the fast twitch muscle fiber is converted to slow twitch fiber, causing the slower reflex or hung up reflex. This may occur as a result of reduction in muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and beta-adrenergic receptors, as well as the induction of an insulin-resistant state, due to decrease in thyroid hormones.
[13] [10] Extended thyroid hormone deficiency may lead to muscle fibre changes, with fast-twitching type II being replaced by slow-twitching type-I fibers, resulting in muscle weakness, muscle pain, stiffness, and rarely, pseudohypertrophy. [17]
Thyroid hormones are important for normal development. [28] They increase the growth rate of young people, [29] and cells of the developing brain are a major target for the thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4. Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial role in brain maturation during fetal development and first few years of postnatal life [28]
If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormones. [58] The lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone , which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic ...
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the structure and/or function of the thyroid gland.The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [1] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ.
Start the day with oatmeal or another high-fiber cereal. Not only does a cup of cooked oatmeal have 4 grams of fiber, according to Schlichter, adding fiber-rich toppings — such as fruit, nuts ...
Other research indicates muscle fiber fatigue, weakness, and degradation associated with TM is the direct action thyroxine has on the muscle fibers themselves. Research suggests thyroxine directly causes a decrease in protein kinase affinity to cAMP within muscle fibers [ 1 ] [ 10 ] This causes an increase in cAMP within the muscle fibers since ...
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