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Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: referendum (plebiscite), initiative, and recall. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation. [3]
The new law took effect on 1 March 2017 [21] [circular reference]. To date, a total of 24 citizens' initiatives have reached the 50,000 mark, with 20 of them having been either rejected or accepted in Parliament - so far, only two have been accepted: the aforementioned "Equal Marriages Law" and the "Motherhood Law" from 2015/16 [ 22 ...
The White House's official YouTube channel was found in 2012 to be the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube. [58] Barack Obama's U.S. presidency, the first to begin (2009) after YouTube gained popularity, was quickly noted for its "overall virtuosity on the visual Internet" and "nonstop cinematography". [59]
Direct applicability is often confused with the doctrine of direct effect. This confusion is perhaps explained by reference to the treaty provision governing regulations which provides that they, and only they, have direct applicability within the member states. The early jurisprudence of the ECJ suggested that 'direct effect' was a consequence ...
A leading advocate of direct democracy was William S. U'Ren, who pressed the issue within the Oregon through the Direct Legislation League. [9] However, it was not all successful. Most notably, residents of Texas rejected the referendum because the version put on the ballot by the legislature required 20% of the vote.
The law changed in 1647, requiring voters to be above 24 years of age. [22] The colony added a new requirement that a man must own taxable property with a value of at least 20 pounds in 1658 and increased that sum to 80 pounds in 1670. [15] The 1670 law had a grandfather clause allowing all those who previously were qualified to keep the ...
Adam Smith stated in his Lectures on Jurisprudence that “the imperfection of the law and the uncertainty in its application” was a factor that retarded commerce. [1] Max Weber, a philosopher of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, explained the importance of “rational” law in economy and society. [2]
The ECJ first articulated the doctrine of direct effect in the case of Van Gend en Loos, [1] the European Court of Justice laid down the criteria (commonly referred to as the "Van Gend criteria") for establishing direct effect. The EU article provision had to be: clear, negative (a negative rather than a positive obligation) unconditional,