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This alternative definition is significantly more widespread: machine epsilon is the difference between 1 and the next larger floating point number.This definition is used in language constants in Ada, C, C++, Fortran, MATLAB, Mathematica, Octave, Pascal, Python and Rust etc., and defined in textbooks like «Numerical Recipes» by Press et al.
In chemistry, the molar absorption coefficient or molar attenuation coefficient (ε) [1] is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs, and thereby attenuates, light at a given wavelength.
In the entry applications of eigenvalues and eigenvectors we find numerous scientific fields in which eigenvalues are used to obtain solutions. Generalized eigenvalue problems are less widespread but are a key in the study of vibrations.
In mathematics, the pseudospectrum of an operator is a set containing the spectrum of the operator and the numbers that are "almost" eigenvalues.Knowledge of the pseudospectrum can be particularly useful for understanding non-normal operators and their eigenfunctions.
In two dimensions, the Levi-Civita symbol is defined by: = {+ (,) = (,) (,) = (,) = The values can be arranged into a 2 × 2 antisymmetric matrix: = (). Use of the two-dimensional symbol is common in condensed matter, and in certain specialized high-energy topics like supersymmetry [1] and twistor theory, [2] where it appears in the context of 2-spinors.
One of the reasons for the importance of the matrix exponential is that it can be used to solve systems of linear ordinary differential equations.The solution of = (), =, where A is a constant matrix and y is a column vector, is given by =.
Uncountable ordinals also exist, along with uncountable epsilon numbers whose index is an uncountable ordinal. The smallest epsilon number ε 0 appears in many induction proofs, because for many purposes transfinite induction is only required up to ε 0 (as in Gentzen's consistency proof and the proof of Goodstein's theorem).
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .