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In women, it causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), including endometritis and salpingitis. [12] Women may also experience bleeding after sex and it is also linked with tubal factor infertility. [5] [14] [15] For men, the most common signs are painful urination or a watery discharge from the penis. [16]
Gram stain of cells from the vagina (the same magnification) with normal bacterial flora (top) and the bacteria that cause vaginosis (bottom). A variety of diagnosis techniques are currently available for identifying Gardnerella vaginalis such as the OSOM BV Blue assay, FemExam cards and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), resulting in the determination of ongoing BV.
The Journal of Bacteriology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1916. It is published by the American Society for Microbiology and the editor in chief is George A. O'Toole Jr. ( Dartmouth College ).
BV is the most common infection of the vagina in women of reproductive age. [5] The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. [11] BV is most common in parts of Africa, and least common in Asia and Europe. [11] In the United States, about 30% of those between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. [18]
Trichomoniasis is a common STI that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. [70] Trichomoniasis affects both women and men, but symptoms are more common in women. [71] Most patients are treated with an antibiotic called metronidazole, which is very effective. [72]
It is a common human urogenital Mycoplasma species that lacks a cell wall. Due to the absence of the cell wall, M. hominis is innately resistant to β-lactams and to all antibiotics which target the cell wall. [11] Additionally, it is the simplest self-replicating microorganism known. [12]
A GBD study estimated the global death rates from (33) bacterial pathogens, finding such infections contributed to one in 8 deaths (or ~7.7 million deaths), which could make it the second largest cause of death globally in 2019. [6] [3] Most pathogenic bacteria can be grown in cultures and identified by Gram stain and other methods.
Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur only in people of one sex due to underlying biological factors (for example, prostate cancer in males or uterine cancer in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, breast cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus which occur predominantly in females); [1 ...